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Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists. The TSOP7000 works best with light from an 870 nm infrared LED. Various common traits can be discerned among the Iranian peoples.

A basic pulse consist of at least 6 and no more that 8 carrier cycles 50% duty cycle nominally. As met to in art. Whilst closely linked with Anatolia and the Levant; and putative agricultural expansions, the distribution of the various sub-clades of J2 likely represents a number of migrational histories which require further elucidation. Before the inauguration of the main library building, the University library was met within the Faculty of Sciences and the University Mosque. This signature in the visible spectrum makes this type of LEDs unsuitable for military night-vision applications. Ancient accounts link the Amazons with the Scythians and the Sarmatians, who successively dominated the south of Russia for ir dating central millennium extending back to the sincere century B. All of them have a nominal current of 100 mA which is to be applied for no more than 20 ms at a time.

Today, the Old Iranian arya- remains in ethno-linguistic names such as Iran, , , and. The pronunciation guide from also provides. Scheidel estimates 35 million. The constitution and political change.

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For left-leaning italics, see. Iranian peoples Total population c. At their peak of expansion in the mid-1st millennium BC, the territory of the Iranian peoples stretched across the and the entire from the in the west to the in the east. The came to dominate much of the from the 6th century BC, leaving an important cultural legacy, while the of the steppe played a decisive role in the development of , the and later significantly contributed to the in. Ancient Iranian peoples who emerged after 1000 BC include the , , , , , , , , , , , , , probably and of , the , and the. In the 1st millennium AD, their area of settlement was reduced as a result of , , and expansions and many being subjected to. Modern Iranian peoples include the , , , , , , , , , , the , and. Their current distribution spreads across the Iranian Plateau and stretches from the in the north to the in the south and from in the east to eastern Turkey in the west —a region that is sometimes called the Iranian cultural continent—and represents the extent of the and significant influence of the Iranian peoples through the geopolitical reach of. There have been many attempts to qualify the verbal root of ar- in Old Iranian arya-. Unlike the ā́rya- , the Old Iranian term has solely an ethnic meaning. Today, the Old Iranian arya- remains in ethno-linguistic names such as Iran, , , and. In the , the gentilic is attested as a self-identifier included in ancient inscriptions and the literature of. The earliest attested reference to the word arya- occurs in the of the 6th century BC. As is also the case for all other Old Iranian language usage, the arya of the inscription does not signify anything but Iranian. The inscription erected by the command of gives a more clear description. The languages used are Parthian, Middle Persian, and Greek. The Avesta clearly uses airiia- as an ethnic name 1; 13. The homeland varied in its geographic range, the area around 's view and even the entire expanse of the 's designation. The Old Persian and Avestan evidence is confirmed by the Greek sources. In Armenian sources, the Parthians, Medes and Persians are collectively referred to as Iranians. All this evidence shows that the name Arya was a collective definition, denoting peoples who were aware of belonging to the one ethnic stock, speaking a common language, and having a religious tradition that centered on the cult of Ohrmazd. The academic usage of the term Iranian is distinct from the state of and its various citizens who are all Iranian by nationality , in the same way that the term Germanic peoples is distinct from. Some inhabitants of Iran are not necessarily ethnic Iranians by virtue of not being speakers of Iranian languages. The , and cultures have been associated with Indo-Iranians. Proto-Indo-Iranians The Proto-Indo-Iranians are commonly identified with the and the subsequent within the broader Andronovo horizon, and their homeland with an area of the that borders the on the west, the on the east. Proto-Indo-Iranian arose due to this influence. The Indo-Iranians also borrowed their distinctive religious beliefs and practices from this culture. The Indo-Iranian migrations took place in two waves. The first wave consisted of the Indo-Aryan migration into the Levant, founding the , and a migration south-eastward of the Vedic people, over the Hindu Kush into northern India. The second wave is interpreted as the Iranian wave, and took place in the third stage of the Indo-European migrations from 800 BCE onwards. Sintashta-Petrovka culture Main article: The Sintashta culture, also known as the Sintashta-Petrovka culture or Sintashta-Arkaim culture, is a of the northern on the borders of and , dated to the period 2100—1800. It is probably the archaeological manifestation of the Indo-Iranian language group. The Sintashta culture emerged from the interaction of two antecedent cultures. Its immediate predecessor in the Ural-Tobol steppe was the , an offshoot of the cattle-herding that moved east into the region between 2800 and 2600 BCE. Several Sintashta towns were built over older Poltovka settlements or close to Poltovka cemeteries, and Poltovka motifs are common on Sintashta pottery. Sintashta also shows the influence of the late , a collection of settlements in the zone north of the Sintashta region that were also predominantly. The earliest known have been found in Sintashta burials, and the culture is considered a strong candidate for the origin of the technology, which spread throughout the and played an important role in. Sintashta settlements are also remarkable for the intensity of mining and carried out there, which is unusual for a steppe culture. Because of the difficulty of identifying the remains of Sintashta sites beneath those of later settlements, the culture was only recently distinguished from the. It is now recognised as a separate entity forming part of the 'Andronovo horizon'. Andronovo culture Main article: The Andronovo culture is a collection of similar local cultures that flourished c. It is probably better termed an archaeological complex or. The name derives from the village of Andronovo , where in 1914, several graves were discovered, with skeletons in crouched positions, buried with richly decorated pottery. The older 2100—1800 , formerly included within the Andronovo culture, is now considered separately, but regarded as its predecessor, and accepted as part of the wider Andronovo horizon. On its western fringes, it overlaps with the approximately contemporaneous, but distinct, in the - interfluvial. To the east, it reaches into the depression, with some sites as far west as the southern , overlapping with the area of the earlier. Additional sites are scattered as far south as the , the and the. The northern boundary vaguely corresponds to the beginning of the. In the Volga basin, interaction with the Srubna culture was the most intense and prolonged, and Federovo style pottery is found as far west as. Most researchers associate the Andronovo horizon with early , though it may have overlapped the early -speaking area at its northern fringe. Scythians and Persians From the late 2nd millennium BCE to early 1st millennium BCE the Iranians had expanded from the , and Iranian peoples such as , , , and populated the. Scythian tribes, along with , and populated the north of the. The and Sarmatian tribes were spread across , , , , , regions and the , while other Scythian tribes, such as the , spread as far east as , China. Scythians as well formed the Indo-Scythian Empire, and Bactrians formed a Greco-Bactrian Kingdom founded by Diodotus I, the satrap of Bactria. The Kushan elite who the Chinese called the were either a Tocharian-speaking another Indo-European branch people or an Eastern Iranian language-speaking people. The Old Avestan texts known as the are believed to have been composed by , the founder of , with the c. Western Iranian peoples Scythian and related archaeological groups in circum- Pontic region, c. Remnants of the and show their common Proto-Iranian roots, emphasized in Strabo and Herodotus' description of their languages as very similar to the languages spoken by the Bactrians and in the east. At first, the Western Iranian peoples in the were dominated by the various empires. An alliance with the Medes, , and rebelling , , , and , helped the Medes to capture in , which resulted in the eventual collapse of the by 605 BC. The Medes were subsequently able to establish their Median kingdom with as their royal centre beyond their original homeland and had eventually a territory stretching roughly from northeastern Iran to the in. After the fall of the Assyrian Empire, between 616 BCE and 605 BCE, a unified Median state was formed, which, together with , , and , became one of the four major powers of the Later on, in 550 BC, , would overthrow the leading Median rule, and conquer and the Babylonian Empire after which he established the or the First Persian Empire , while his successors would dramatically extend its borders. At its greatest extent, the Achaemenid Empire would encompass swaths of territory across three continents, namely Europe, Africa and Asia, stretching from the and proper in the west, to the in the east. The largest empire of , with their base in although the main capital was located in Babylon the Achaemenids would rule much of the known ancient world for centuries. This First Persian Empire was equally notable for its successful model of a centralised, bureaucratic administration through under a and a government working to the profit of its subjects, for building infrastructure such as a and and the use of an across its territories and a large professional army and civil services inspiring similar systems in later empires , and for emancipation of slaves including the , and is noted in Western history as the antagonist of the during the. The , one of the , was built in the empire as well. The Greco-Persian Wars resulted in the Persians being forced to withdraw from their territories, setting the direct further course of history of and the rest of Europe. More than a century later, a prince of which itself was a subject to Persia from the late 6th century BC up to the later known by the name of , overthrew the incumbent Persian king, by which the Achaemenid Empire was ended. Old Persian is attested in the c. In southwestern Iran, the kings usually wrote their inscriptions in trilingual form , and while elsewhere other languages were used. The administrative languages were Elamite in the early period, and later , as well as , making it a widely used language. Even though the Achaemenids had extensive contacts with the Greeks and vice versa, and had conquered many of the Greek-speaking area's both in and during different periods of the empire, the native Old Iranian sources provide no indication of Greek linguistic evidence. However, there is plenty of evidence in addition to the accounts of Herodotus that Greeks, apart from being deployed and employed in the core regions of the empire, also evidently lived and worked in the heartland of the Achaemenid Empire, namely Iran. For example, Greeks were part of the various ethnicities that constructed Darius' palace in , apart from the Greek inscriptions found nearby there, and one short Persepolis tablet written in Greek. The early inhabitants of the Achaemenid Empire appear to have adopted the religion of. The who speak a west Iranian language relate an oral tradition regarding their migration from , around the year 1000 CE, whereas linguistic evidence links to , , and. Eastern Iranian peoples , Sassanian coin While the Iranian tribes of the south are better known through their texts and modern counterparts, the tribes which remained largely in the vast Eurasian expanse are known through the references made to them by the ancient Greeks, Persians, Chinese, and Indo-Aryans as well as by archaeological finds. The chronicler, 5th century BCE makes references to a nomadic people, the ; he describes them as having dwelt in what is today southern European and. He was the first to make a reference to them. Many ancient texts from a later period make references to such tribes they were witness of pointing them towards the southeastern-most edges of Central Asia, around the range in northern Pakistan. It is believed that these Scythians were conquered by their eastern cousins, the , who are mentioned by as the dominant tribe which controlled the southern steppe in the 1st millennium CE. These Sarmatians were also known to the , who conquered the western tribes in the and sent Sarmatian conscripts, as part of Roman legions, as far west as. These Iranian-speaking Scythians and Sarmatians dominated large parts of for a millennium, and were eventually absorbed and assimilated e. The Sarmatians differed from the Scythians in their veneration of the god of fire rather than god of nature, and in warfare, which possibly served as the inspiration for the. At their greatest reported extent, around the 1st century AD, these tribes ranged from the to the mouth of the and eastward to the , bordering the shores of the and Seas as well as the to the south. Their territory, which was known as Sarmatia to , corresponded to the western part of greater Scythia mostly modern and , also to a smaller extent north eastern Balkans around. According to authors Arrowsmith, Fellowes and Graves Hansard in their book A Grammar of Ancient Geography published in 1832, Sarmatia had two parts, Sarmatia Europea and Sarmatia Asiatica covering a combined area of 503,000 sq mi or 1,302,764 km 2. Throughout the first millennium AD, the large presence of the Sarmatians who once dominated Ukraine, Southern European Russia, and swaths of the Balkans, gradually started to diminish mainly due to assimilation and absorption by the , especially from the areas near the Roman frontier, but only completely and climactically by the Proto-Slavic peoples. The abundant East Iranian-derived in proper e. A connection between and Iranian languages is also furthermore proven by the earliest layer of in the former. A further point on behalf of the extensive contact between these Scytho-Sarmatian Iranian tribes in Eastern Europe and the Early Slavs is to be shown in matters regarding religion. After Slavic and Baltic languages diverged —- also evidenced by etymology —- the Early Slavs interacted with Iranian peoples and merged elements of Iranian spirituality into their beliefs. For example, both Early Iranian and Slavic supreme gods were considered givers of wealth, unlike the supreme thunder gods in many other European religions. Also, both Slavs and Iranians had demons —- given names from similar linguistic roots, Daêva Iranian and Divŭ Slavic —- and a concept of , of good and evil. The Sarmatians of the east, based in the , became the , who also ventured far and wide, with a branch ending up in and , as they accompanied the Germanic during their migrations. The modern are believed to be the sole direct descendants of the Alans, as other remnants of the Alans disappeared following Germanic, and ultimately Slavic migrations and invasions. Another group of Alans allied with Goths to defeat the Romans and ultimately settled in what is now called Catalonia Goth-Alania. Another Iranian tribe related to the Saka-Scythians were the in Central Asia, and who later become indistinguishable from the , speakers of a northwest-Iranian language. The modern in southern Xinjiang and the Ossetians of the mainly and are remnants of the various Scythian-derived tribes from the vast far and wide territory they once dwelled in. The modern are the descendants of the Alano-Sarmatians, and their claims are supported by their Northeast Iranian language, while culturally the Ossetians resemble their neighbors, the and. Various extinct Iranian peoples existed in the eastern Caucasus, including the , while some Iranian peoples remain in the region, including the and the including the , who have relocated to , found in Azerbaijan and as far north as the Russian republic of. A remnant of the Sogdians is found in the Yaghnobi-speaking population in parts of the Zeravshan valley in Tajikistan. Later developments Starting with the reign of in 634 CE, began a conquest of the Iranian plateau. The Arabs conquered the of the Persians and seized much of the populated by the and others. Ultimately, the various Iranian peoples, including the Persians, Pashtuns, Kurds and Balochis, converted to , while the converted to , thus laying the foundation for the fact that the modern-day Ossetians are Christian. The Iranian peoples would later split along sectarian lines as the Persians and later the adopted the sect. As ancient tribes and identities changed, so did the Iranian peoples, many of whom assimilated foreign cultures and peoples. Later, during the 2nd millennium CE, the Iranian peoples would play a prominent role during the age of Islamic expansion and empire. Iranian influence spread to the neighbouring , where Persian was often spoken at court though a heavy basis there was set already by the predecessors of the Ottomans in Anatolia, namely the and the amongst others as well to the court of the. All of the major Iranian peoples reasserted their use of Iranian languages following the decline of Arab rule, but would not begin to form modern identities until the 19th and early 20th centuries just as Germans and Italians were beginning to formulate national identities of their own. Further information: and There are an estimated 150 to 200 million native speakers of Iranian languages, the six major groups of , , , , , and accounting for about 90% of this number. Currently, most of these Iranian peoples live in , , the mainly , other parts of , , and , and majority populated areas of , and , , and. There are also Iranian peoples living in such as and. Due to recent migrations, there are also large communities of speakers of in , the , and. The various religions of the Iranian people, including Zoroastrianism, and , are believed by some scholars to have been significant early philosophical influences on and. Like other Indo-Europeans, the early Iranians practiced ritual sacrifice, had a social hierarchy consisting of warriors, clerics and farmers and poetic hymns and sagas to recount their deeds. Traditional costume for in Following the Iranian split from the Indo-Iranians, the Iranians developed an increasingly distinct culture. Various common traits can be discerned among the Iranian peoples. For example, the social event is an Iranian festival that is practiced by nearly all of the Iranian peoples as well as others in the region. Its origins are traced to and pre-historic times. Some Iranian cultures exhibit traits that are unique unto themselves. The Pashtuns adhere to a code of honor and culture known as , which has a similar counterpart among the , called Mayar, that is more hierarchical. Religion in is a structure of cobalt blue and turquoise minarets, attracting visitors and pilgrims from all over the world. Many such Muslim monuments can be attributed to the efforts of the Iranian peoples who are predominantly followers of Islam today. Modern speakers of Iranian languages mainly follow. Some follow , , , and the , with an unknown number showing no religious affiliation. Overall the numbers of Sunni and among the Iranian peoples are equally distributed. Most Kurds, Tajiks, Pashtuns, and Baloch are Muslims, while the remainder are mainly , comprising mostly in Iran, and in Afghanistan. The Christian community is mainly represented by the , followed by the and followed by. The historical religion of the Persian Empire was Zoroastrianism and it still has a few thousand followers, mostly in Yazd and Kerman. They are known as the in the , where many of them fled in historic times following the Arab conquest of Persia, or. Another ancient religion is the faith of the group of the Yazidi people, followed by people in northern , , and in. Elements of pre-Islamic and beliefs persist among some Islamized groups today, such as the , , , and. Cultural assimilation See also: , , , , , , , , , , and In matters relating to culture, the various -speaking ethnic groups of Iran notably the and Afghanistan and are often conversant in Iranian languages, in addition to their own Turkic languages and also have Iranian culture to the extent that the term can be applied. The usage applies to various circumstances that involve historic interaction, intermarriage, cultural assimilation, bilingualism and cultural overlap or commonalities. Notable among this synthesis of Turko-Iranian culture are the Azeris, whose culture, religion and significant periods of history are linked to the Persians. Certain theories and genetic tests suggest that the Azeris are genetically more Iranian than Turkic. Thus, due to their historical ties with various ancient Iranians, as well as their cultural ties to Persians, the Azeris are often associated with the Iranian peoples see and the for more details. Genetic studies on mitochondrial DNA mtDNA restriction polymorphism confirmed that Turkmen were characterized by the presence of local Iranian mtDNA lineages, similar to the Eastern Iranian populations, but high male Mongoloid genetic component observed in Turkmens and in east Iran and Afghanistan with the frequencies of about 20%. This most likely indicates an ancestral combination of Iranian groups and Mongol that the modern Turkmen have inherited and which appears to correspond to the historical record which indicates that various Iranian tribes existed in the region prior to the migration of Turkic tribes who are believed to have merged with the local population and imparted their language and created something of a hybrid Turko-Iranian culture. The ancient and are among their ancestors. Culturally, the Uzbeks are closer to their sedentary Iranian-speaking neighbours rather than to their nomadic and semi-nomadic Turkic neighbours. Some Uzbek scholars, i. Ahmadov and Askarov, favour the Iranian origin theory. Those who entertain such a connection propose that the Sarmatian and alleged Horoathos tribes might have migrated from the Eurasian steppe lands to Eastern and Central Europe, and assimilated with the numerically superior Slavs, passing on their name. Iranian-speaking peoples did inhabit parts of the Balkans in late classical times, and would have been encountered by the Slavs. However, direct linguistic, historical or archaeological proof for such a theory is lacking. Local traditions about their origin claim they are descended from merchant princes from in who settled along the. In Europe, J2a is more common in the southern Greece and southern Italy; whilst J2b J2-M12 is more common in Thessaly, Macedonia and central — northern Italy. Thus J2a and its subgroups within it have a wide distribution from Italy to India, whilst J2b is mostly confined to the Balkans and Italy, being rare even in Turkey. Whilst closely linked with Anatolia and the Levant; and putative agricultural expansions, the distribution of the various sub-clades of J2 likely represents a number of migrational histories which require further elucidation. Indeed, population studies of neighbouring Indian groups found that they all were in R1a-Z93. Rather, both groups are collateral, sister branches which descend from a parental group hypothesized to have initially lived somewhere between central Asia and Eastern Europe. Iranian R1b belongs to the L-23 subclade, which is an older than the derivative subclade R1b-M412 which is most common in western Europe. They are present in less than 10% of Iranians see. Two large — scale papers by Haber 2012 and Di Cristofaro 2013 analyzed populations from Afghanistan, where several Iranian-speaking groups are native. They found that different groups e. Internal diversity and distant affinities Overall, Iranian-speaking populations are characterized by high internal diversity. The data ultimately suggests that Afghanistan, like other northern-central Asian regions, has continually been the recipient rather than a source of gene flow. Although, populations from Iran proper are also diverse, J2a-M530 likely spread out of Iran, and constitutes a common genetic substratum for all Iranian populations, which was then modified by further differential gene flows. In Iran, language was a greater determinant of genetic similarity between different groups, whereas in Afghanistan and other areas of northern central Asia, this was not the case. Overall in Iran, native population groups do not form tight clusters either according to language or region. Rather, they occupy intermediate positions among Near Eastern and Caucasus clusters. Some of the Iranian groups lie within the Near Eastern group often with such as the Turks and Georgians , but none fell into the Arab or Asian groups. Some Iranian groups in Iran, such as the Gilakis and Mazandaranis, have paternal genetics Y-DNA virtually identical to ethnic groups. In Afghanistan, Iranian population groups such as the Pashtuns and Tajiks occupy intermediate positions amongst northwestern South Asian ethnic groups, such as along the Baloch, Brahui, Kashmiris and Sindhis, with a small minor pull towards West Asia. Iranians are only distantly related to Europeans as a whole, predominantly with southern Europeans like Greeks, Albanians, Serbs, Croatians, Italians, Bosniks, Spaniards, Macedonians, Portuguese, and Bulgarians, rather than northern Europeans like Norwegians, Danes, Swedes, Irish, Scottish, English, Finns, Estonians, Welsh, Latvians, and Lithuanians. Nevertheless, Iranian-speaking Central Asians do show closer affinity to Europeans than do Turkic-speaking Central Asians. The word also appears four times in Old Persian: One is in the , where ariya- is the name of a language or script DB 4. The other three instances occur in 's inscription at DNa 14—15 , in Darius I's inscription at Susa DSe 13—14 , and in the inscription of at XPh 12—13. PEOPLE OF IRAN in Encyclopedia Iranica. It is, first of all, a linguistic classification, intended to designate any society which inherited or adopted, and transmitted, an Iranian language. Gunter 4 November 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2015. In this period the territory of the northern Iranians, they being equestrian nomads, extended over the whole zone of the steppes and the wooded steppes and even the semi-deserts from the Great Hungarian Plain to the Ordos in northern China. The Sarmatians, 600 BC-AD 450. Indeed, it is now accepted that the Sarmatians merged in with pre-Slavic populations. Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. In their Ukrainian and Polish homeland the Slavs were intermixed and at times overlain by Germanic speakers the Goths and by Iranian speakers Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans in a shifting array of tribal and national configurations. Ancient accounts link the Amazons with the Scythians and the Sarmatians, who successively dominated the south of Russia for a millennium extending back to the seventh century B. The descendants of these peoples were absorbed by the Slavs who came to be known as Russians. Society for Slovene Studies. For example, the ancient Scythians, Sarmatians amongst others , and many other attested but now extinct peoples were assimilated in the course of history by Proto-Slavs. Retrieved 29 May 2015. Iran means all lands and people where Iranian languages were and are spoken, and where in the past, multi-faceted Iranian cultures existed. International Conference 23—27 November 1992 , Roma, 1994, pp. Online accessed in 2010 at. Archived from on 2013-01-03. Also accessed online in May, 2010. Handbuch der Orientalistik, Literatur I. Unlike the other languages and dialects, ancient and modern, of the Iranian group such as Avestan, Parthian, Soghdian, Kurdish, Ossetian, Balochi, Pashto, Armenian etc. Corpus inscriptionum Iranicarum Part. Archived from on 20 August 2008. Harvard University Press, 1978. Proceedings of the Third European Conference of Iranian Studies Cambridge, September 1995. Journal of Cuneiform Studies. Retrieved 4 June 2006. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, 22. Meid, Innsbruck IBS 1998, 479—488. Retrieved 4 June 2006. Kent, Old Persian: Grammar, texts and lexicon. Hallock 1969 , Persepolis Fortification Tablets; A. Driver 1954 , Aramaic Documents of the V Century BC. Tucker, A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity, ed. Anastasios-Phoivos Christidēs, Maria Arapopoulou, Maria Chritē, Cambridge University Press, 2001 , 780. Retrieved 4 June 2006. Retrieved 4 June 2006. Retrieved 31 December 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2006. Retrieved 4 June 2006. They are descended from a division of Sarmatians, the Alans who were pushed out of the Terek River lowlands and in the Caucasus foothills by invading Huns in the 4th century AD. Retrieved 4 June 2006. Retrieved 4 June 2006. Retrieved 4 June 2006. Retrieved 4 June 2006. Ethnologue: Languages of the World Fifteenth ed. The Yaresan: a sociological, historical and religio-historical study of a Kurdish community, 1990. Tauris — via Amazon. The Medieval Manichee: A Study of the Christian Dualist Heresy. Retrieved 10 June 2006. Retrieved 4 June 2006. Retrieved 4 June 2006. Retrieved 4 June 2006. Retrieved 4 June 2006. Retrieved 9 June 2006. The mass of the Oghuz who crossed the Amu Darya towards the west left the Iranian plateaux, which remained Persian, and established themselves more to the west, in Anatolia. Here they divided into Ottomans, who were Sunni and settled, and Turkmens, who were nomads and in part Shiite or, rather, Alevi. The latter were to keep the name 'Turkmen' for a long time: from the 13th century onwards they 'Turkised' the Iranian populations of Azerbaijan who spoke west Iranian languages such as Tat, which is still found in residual forms , thus creating a new identity based on Shiism and the use of Turkish. These are the people today known as Azeris. Retrieved 3 May 2015. Ahmadov, O'zbek Xalqning Kilib Chiqishi Torixi. O'zbekiston Ovozi, 20 January 1994. Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists. Epub 2003 Oct 29. Horolma Pamjav et al. European Journal of Human Genetics. European Journal of Human Genetics. PLOS One mach 2012. PLOS One, Oct 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2014. The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World. The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan Contemporary Issues in the Middle East , Syracuse University Press August, 1988. Retrieved 29 May 2015. Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2002. The Iranian People of the Caucasus. Die Arier in den nahöstlichen Quellen des 3. Persia, Schocken Books, Zurich 1963. In ; Masson, V. Retrieved 29 May 2015. The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates, Longman, New York, NY 2004. Tribes and State Formation in the Middle East, University of California Press 1991. In Search of the Indo-Europeans, Thames and Hudson, London 1991. Retrieved February 15, 2015. A Modern History of the Kurds, I. Tauris, 3rd Rev edition 2004. Afghanistan: A Nation of Minorities, Minority Rights Group, London 1992. A History of Russia, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2004. Indo-Iranian Languages and People, British Academy 2003. 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